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The cell structure of an amoeba — parts of the structure of the body, schema, and description of specialists

One of the representatives of the unicellular animals (protozoa), having the ability to move independently using the so-called "pseudopods" is called – the common Amoeba or Proteus. Refers to the type of corneous because of its irregular appearance, resulting, changing and disappearing pseudopod. It has the form of small, barely discernible to the naked eye gelatinous lumps, which is colorless, with a size of about 0.5 mm, the main characteristic of which is the variability of shape, hence the name "amoeba" means "changeable". To consider in detail the cell structure of an ordinary amoeba without a microscope impossible.

Habitat and protection from adverse conditions

Any pond with fresh standing water – the ideal habitat for amoebae, especially preferred ponds with a high content of decaying plants and swamp, inhabited by plenty of bacteria. However, she can survive in the moisture of the soil, the dew drop, the water inside the person, and even in ordinary rotting tree leaf can notice the amoeba, the amoeba, in other words depend directly on the water. The presence of a large number of microorganisms and unicellular algae, a clear sign of the presence of Proteus in the water, because she eats them.

When negative conditions for the existence of (the onset of autumn, the drying of the pond), simple stops to eat. Taking the form of a ball, single-celled body that is a shell of the cyst. Inside the film body may be a long time. Able cysts the cell waits drought or cold (the simplest't peremarket and not dry) until the environmental conditions will not change or the cyst will not be moved by the wind in a better place, life cell amoeba stops. So protected from the adverse conditions, the amoeba is common when the habitat becomes suitable for life, Proteus exits the shell and continues to lead a normal lifestyle.

There is the ability to regenerate when the body is damaged, it can finish the ruined place, the main condition for this process – the integrity of the kernel.

The structure and metabolism of the simplest

To consider the internal structure of the unicellular organism required a microscope. He will see that the structure of the body of an amoeba is a organism that is able to perform all the functions necessary for survival. Her body covered with a thin membrane called the cytoplasmic membrane, and containing a semi-fluid cytoplasm. The inner layer of the cytoplasm more liquid and less transparent than the outer ones. It contains the nucleus and vacuoles

For digestion and elimination of undigested residues is used the digestive vacuole. Food amoeba begins to take place with contact with food, on the surface of the cell body there is a "food Cup". When the sides of the "cups" are closed, there is a digestive juice, so there is a digestive vacuole. The resulting nutrients in the result of the digestion are used to build the body of Proteus. Further vacuole closer to the edge of the cell and is combined with the membrane, thereby getting rid of undigested food residue.

The digestive process can take anywhere from 12 hours to 5 days. This type of food is called phagocytosis. To breathe, the simplest absorbs water the whole surface of the body, which then releases oxygen. To perform the function of allocation of excess water and control the pressure inside the body, amoebas have a contractile vacuole, it also sometimes can happen the secretion of waste products. So respiration occurs amoeba, the process is called pinocytosis.

Movement and response to stimuli

For the movement of the common amoeba uses lomonoco, their other name – psevdopodiû or korenok (because of the similarity with the roots of plants). They can develop anywhere on the body surface. When the cytoplasm is poured to the edge of the cells on the surface of Proteus appears the bulge is formed about the stem. In several places the leg is attached to the surface, it gradually flows over the remaining cytoplasm. Thus, there is movement, the speed of which is approximately 0.2 mm per minute. Cell can form multiple pseudopodia. The body reacts to different stimuli, i.e. has the ability to feel.

Reproduction

Eating, the cell grows, the process begins, for which all living creatures is reproduction. The reproduction of amoeba common, the easiest process known to science that occurs asexually, and the implies a division into parts. Reproduction begins from the stage when nucleus the amoeba begins to extend and shrink in the middle until it split into two parts. At this time the body of the cell are also split. In each of these partsremains at the core. In the end, the cytoplasm between the two parts of the cell ruptures, and the resulting new cell separates from the parent organism in which there is a contractile vacuole. Stage of division is caused by the fact that Proteus stops to eat, stops digestion, the body becomes rounded. Thus, the reproduction of the Proteus. During the day the cage can multiply several times.

Importance in nature

As an important part of any ecosystem, the common amoeba adjusts the amount of bacteria and microorganisms in the environment of its habitat. Thereby maintaining the purity of water. Thus, as part of the food chain, it feed on small fish, crustaceans and insects where it is the food.