Flat worms the Excretory system of flatworms and organs

Flat worms brings together more than thirteen thousand species. They are common throughout the world. Representatives of this species are found as in the depths of the ocean and in the soil. Most of them lead a parasitic way of life. The main carrier of flatworms prefer the person his internal organs. Once in the body, the worms actively multiply in the blood throw away many toxins, which leads to severe diseases and their complications. The life cycle of the parasite depends largely on the excretory system. Excretory system of flatworms are represented by protonefridiev.

The structural features of flatworms

Almost all classes of flatworms have common features. So for representatives of this type characterized by the presence of several systems and of rudimentary organs, providing the support individuals. Thus, there are : digestive system, nervous system and some sense organs, reproductive, excretory system. Respiratory function of organisms is missing, and blood.

Muscular system

Directly under the epithelium of the flatworm have the skin-muscular bag. Muscles are organized is quite simple. She is represented by the simple device of muscle fibers. This order is not peculiar peculiar to worms and appears for the first time from flat. Muscle in the full sense of the word is missing, however, is its beginnings. There are several types of muscular bags that perform special functions. Such organization enables the directed movement, the parasite can make cuts and pull your body.

Nervous system

Nervous organization is diffuse, it is represented by two nodes of the stem of nerves. The nerve bundles located in the head of the worms, they will hothotheat two nerve throughout the body of the parasite, which are connected by small spikes. This structure resembles a lattice. All cells obey the head of the Department and United to respond to any stimuli from outside. Nervous process performs a function similar to the spinal cord in humans.
For the first time, the worms become some semblance of the organs. Some species have the rudiments of the organs of sight, organs of balance and the senses (perceiving change in the ambient temperature).

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is absent in all individuals. It is not necessary. The body cavity between the walls of the skin-muscular bag filled with connective cells (parenchyma). They are fluid that is in constant motion, carry nutrients throughout the body. In this space there are the digestive system and sex organs.

Respiratory system

This system flat worms have completely atrophied. It is not necessary. Those species which move freely, breathe with the whole body. Others have anaerobic respiration. This type of breathing is typical for parasites living in the environment where oxygen is in short supply.

Reproductive system

The vast majority of the worms are hermaphrodites. This system can be described as the most complex device in the body of the worms of this species. Individual has organs from both male and female. In addition, for a full reproduction of the parasites have a variety of appendages that help the testes to carry out fertilization of the egg. Also the body of the helminth egg provides a large number of nutrients for the further development of the embryo.
Egg for a long time remains viable even under adverse conditions. In some cases, the waiting time of the carrier is several months.

Digestive system

Digestion is the main process in the life of worms. This activity requires a large amount of energy. Almost all flatworms have a digestive system. Those individuals who can move freely in space, there is even a on digestion, some education that is extended outwards to capture food. For the digestive system of this species of worms peculiar isolation. Is no hole for the release of digested food. Subspecies tapeworms do not have a system of food processing. They feed on the whole surface of the body. Some individuals have a primitive gut, he might branch into two branches. The digestive system of flatworms is quite primitive, but this is enough to ensure the survival of individuals.

Excretory system

Excretory system in flatworms is a system of tubules through which and excreted poisonous substances, waste products, poisonous person, causing strong intoxication. Worms produce toxins are very dangerous.
Tubules ( protonephridia ) starts deep inparenchyma. The liquid inside the body of the helminth is constantly moving, as are the cells of the stellate form. These cells have constantly vibrating cilia. This is a permanent diffuse movement helps to carry nutrients and to take away poisonous in the direction of the tubules. The walls of multicellular tubules. The excretory organs pervade the whole body of the worm. They are the agents of the external environment. Small canals are connected with each other, forming a few large channels. They are sent to the side channels, which, in turn, are connected with the excretory pore.

The diversity of species

One of the distinctive qualities of flatworms is their body shape. It is slightly flattened. At the same time observed symmetry. They have no body cavity, organs are in the beginnings or even may be missing. Representatives of this species can be both free-living and parasites. Last much more. The species has a large variety of classes, three of them are most common.

Ciliated worms prefer moist soil and bodies of water to live in. Their distinctive feature is the presence of primitive organs of motion, namely cilia. This fact gave the name to the class. Many of individuals are predators.

Flukes are predominantly parasites. Their life cycle is complex, requires the presence of intermediate medium, sometimes more than one. All individuals have the sucker in the head part of the body.
Tapeworms are especially dangerous to humans. Their body consists of many segments (members). With the growth of the parasite increases its long, besides they are very prolific. Some months the gut of the carrier is completely filled with parasites. However, flatworms have a great importance in food chains. They are food for many small predators.